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Express Handlebars
A Handlebars view engine for Express which doesn't suck.
This package used to be named express3-handlebars. The previous express-handlebars package by @jneen can be found here.
Goals & Design
I created this project out of frustration with the existing Handlebars view engines for Express. As of version 3.x, Express got out of the business of being a generic view engine — this was a great decision — leaving developers to implement the concepts of layouts, partials, and doing file I/O for their template engines of choice.
Goals and Features
After building a half-dozen Express apps, I developed requirements and opinions about what a Handlebars view engine should provide and how it should be implemented. The following is that list:
-
Add back the concept of "layout", which was removed in Express 3.x.
-
Add back the concept of "partials" via Handlebars' partials mechanism.
-
Support a directory of partials; e.g.,
{{> foo/bar}}which exists on the file system atviews/partials/foo/bar.handlebars, by default. -
Smart file system I/O and template caching. When in development, templates are always loaded from disk. In production, raw files and compiled templates are cached, including partials.
-
All async and non-blocking. File system I/O is slow and servers should not be blocked from handling requests while reading from disk. I/O queuing is used to avoid doing unnecessary work.
-
Ability to easily precompile templates and partials for use on the client, enabling template sharing and reuse.
-
Ability to use a different Handlebars module/implementation other than the Handlebars npm package.
Package Design
This package was designed to work great for both the simple and complex use cases. I intentionally made sure the full implementation is exposed and is easily overridable.
The package exports a function which can be invoked with no arguments or with a config object and it will return a function (closed over sensible defaults) which can be registered with an Express app. It's an engine factory function.
This exported engine factory has two properties which expose the underlying implementation:
-
ExpressHandlebars(): The constructor function which holds the internal implementation on itsprototype. This produces instance objects which store their configuration,compiledandprecompiledtemplates, and expose anengine()function which can be registered with an Express app. -
create(): A convenience factory function for creatingExpressHandlebarsinstances.
An instance-based approach is used so that multiple ExpressHandlebars instances can be created with their own configuration, templates, partials, and helpers.
Installation
Install using npm:
$ npm install express-handlebars
Danger 🔥
Never put objects on the req object straight in as the data, this can allow hackers to run XSS attacks. Always make sure you are destructuring the values on objects like req.query and req.params. See https://blog.shoebpatel.com/2021/01/23/The-Secret-Parameter-LFR-and-Potential-RCE-in-NodeJS-Apps/ for more details.
Usage
This view engine uses sensible defaults that leverage the "Express-way" of structuring an app's views. This makes it trivial to use in basic apps:
Basic Usage
Directory Structure:
.
├── app.js
└── views
├── home.handlebars
└── layouts
└── main.handlebars
2 directories, 3 files
app.js:
Creates a super simple Express app which shows the basic way to register a Handlebars view engine using this package.
import express from 'express';
import { engine } from 'express-handlebars';
const app = express();
app.engine('handlebars', engine());
app.set('view engine', 'handlebars');
app.set('views', './views');
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('home');
});
app.listen(3000);
views/layouts/main.handlebars:
The main layout is the HTML page wrapper which can be reused for the different views of the app. {{{body}}} is used as a placeholder for where the main content should be rendered.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Example App</title>
</head>
<body>
{{{body}}}
</body>
</html>
views/home.handlebars:
The content for the app's home view which will be rendered into the layout's {{{body}}}.
<h1>Example App: Home</h1>
Running the Example
The above example is bundled in this package's examples directory, where it can be run by:
$ cd examples/basic/
$ npm install
$ npm start
Using Instances
Another way to use this view engine is to create an instance(s) of ExpressHandlebars, allowing access to the full API:
import express from 'express';
import { create } from 'express-handlebars';
const app = express();
const hbs = create({ /* config */ });
// Register `hbs.engine` with the Express app.
app.engine('handlebars', hbs.engine);
app.set('view engine', 'handlebars');
app.set('views', './views');
// ...still have a reference to `hbs`, on which methods like `getPartials()`
// can be called.
Note: The Advanced Usage example demonstrates how ExpressHandlebars instances can be leveraged.
Template Caching
This view engine uses a smart template caching strategy. In development, templates will always be loaded from disk, i.e., no caching. In production, raw files and compiled Handlebars templates are aggressively cached.
The easiest way to control template/view caching is through Express' view cache setting:
app.enable('view cache');
Express enables this setting by default when in production mode, i.e.:
process.env.NODE_ENV === "production"
Note: All of the public API methods accept options.cache, which gives control over caching when calling these methods directly.
Layouts
A layout is simply a Handlebars template with a {{{body}}} placeholder. Usually it will be an HTML page wrapper into which views will be rendered.
This view engine adds back the concept of "layout", which was removed in Express 3.x. It can be configured with a path to the layouts directory, by default it's set to relative to express settings.view + layouts/
There are two ways to set a default layout: configuring the view engine's defaultLayout property, or setting Express locals app.locals.layout.
The layout into which a view should be rendered can be overridden per-request by assigning a different value to the layout request local. The following will render the "home" view with no layout:
app.get('/', (req, res, next) => {
res.render('home', {layout: false});
});
Helpers
Helper functions, or "helpers" are functions that can be registered with Handlebars and can be called within a template. Helpers can be used for transforming output, iterating over data, etc. To keep with the spirit of logic-less templates, helpers are the place where logic should be defined.
Handlebars ships with some built-in helpers, such as: with, if, each, etc. Most applications will need to extend this set of helpers to include app-specific logic and transformations. Beyond defining global helpers on Handlebars, this view engine supports ExpressHandlebars instance-level helpers via the helpers configuration property, and render-level helpers via options.helpers when calling the render() and renderView() methods.
The following example shows helpers being specified at each level:
app.js:
Creates a super simple Express app which shows the basic way to register ExpressHandlebars instance-level helpers, and override one at the render-level.
import express from 'express';
import { create } from 'express-handlebars';
const app = express();
const hbs = create({
// Specify helpers which are only registered on this instance.
helpers: {
foo() { return 'FOO!'; },
bar() { return 'BAR!'; }
}
});
app.engine('handlebars', hbs.engine);
app.set('view engine', 'handlebars');
app.set('views', './views');
app.get('/', (req, res, next) => {
res.render('home', {
showTitle: true,
// Override `foo` helper only for this rendering.
helpers: {
foo() { return 'foo.'; }
}
});
});
app.listen(3000);
views/home.handlebars:
The app's home view which uses helper functions to help render the contents.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Example App - Home</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Uses built-in `if` helper. -->
{{#if showTitle}}
<h1>Home</h1>
{{/if}}
<!-- Calls `foo` helper, overridden at render-level. -->
<p>{{foo}}</p>
<!-- Calls `bar` helper, defined at instance-level. -->
<p>{{bar}}</p>
</body>
</html>
More on Helpers
Refer to the Handlebars website for more information on defining helpers:
Metadata
Handlebars has a data channel feature that propagates data through all scopes, including helpers and partials. Values in the data channel can be accessed via the {{@variable}} syntax. Express Handlebars provides metadata about a template it renders on a {{@exphbs}} object allowing access to things like the view name passed to res.render() via {{@exphbs.view}}.
The following is the list of metadata that's accessible on the {{@exphbs}} data object:
cache: Boolean whether or not the template is cached.encoding: String name of encoding for files.view: String name of the view passed tores.render().layout: String name of the layout view.data: Original data object passed when rendering the template.helpers: Collection of helpers used when rendering the template.partials: Collection of partials used when rendering the template.runtimeOptions: Runtime Options used to render the template.
API
Configuration and Defaults
There are two main ways to use this package: via its engine factory function, or creating ExpressHandlebars instances; both use the same configuration properties and defaults.
import { engine, create, ExpressHandlebars } from 'express-handlebars';
// Using the engine factory:
engine({ /* config */ });
// Create an instance:
create({ /* config */ });
// Using the class:
new ExpressHandlebars({ /* config */})
The following is the list of configuration properties and their default values (if any):
handlebars=require('handlebars')
The Handlebars module/implementation. This allows for the ExpressHandlebars instance to use a different Handlebars module/implementation than that provided by the Handlebars npm package.
extname=".handlebars"
The string name of the file extension used by the templates. This value should correspond with the extname under which this view engine is registered with Express when calling app.engine().
The following example sets up an Express app to use .hbs as the file extension for views:
import express from 'express';
import { engine } from 'express-handlebars';
const app = express();
app.engine('.hbs', engine({extname: '.hbs'}));
app.set('view engine', '.hbs');
app.set('views', './views');
Note: Setting the app's "view engine" setting will make that value the default file extension used for looking up views.
encoding="utf8"
Default encoding when reading files.
layoutsDir
Default layouts directory is relative to express settings.view + layouts/
The string path to the directory where the layout templates reside.
Note: If you configure Express to look for views in a custom location (e.g., app.set('views', 'some/path/')), and if your layoutsDir is not relative to express settings.view + layouts/, you will need to reflect that by passing an updated path as the layoutsDir property in your configuration.
partialsDir
Default partials directory is relative to express settings.view + partials/
The string path to the directory where the partials templates reside or object with the following properties:
dir: The string path to the directory where the partials templates reside.namespace: Optional string namespace to prefix the partial names.templates: Optional collection (or promise of a collection) of templates in the form:{filename: template}.rename(filePath, namespace): Optional function to rename the partials. Takes two arguments:filePath, e.g.,partials/some/path/template.handlebarsandnamespace.
Note: If you configure Express to look for views in a custom location (e.g., app.set('views', 'some/path/')), and if your partialsDir is not relative to express settings.view + partials/, you will need to reflect that by passing an updated path as the partialsDir property in your configuration.
Note: Multiple partials dirs can be used by making partialsDir an array of strings, and/or config objects as described above. The namespacing feature is useful if multiple partials dirs are used and their file paths might clash.
defaultLayout
The string name or path of a template in the layoutsDir to use as the default layout. main is used as the default. This is overridden by a layout specified in the app or response locals. Note: A falsy value will render without a layout; e.g., res.render('home', {layout: false});. You can also use a falsy value when creating the engine to make using no layout a default e.g. app.engine('.hbs', exphbs({defaultLayout: false}));.
helpers
An object which holds the helper functions used when rendering templates with this ExpressHandlebars instance. When rendering a template, a collection of helpers will be generated by merging: handlebars.helpers (global), helpers (instance), and options.helpers (render-level). This allows Handlebars' registerHelper() function to operate as expected, will providing two extra levels over helper overrides.
compilerOptions
An object which holds options that will be passed along to the Handlebars compiler functions: Handlebars.compile() and Handlebars.precompile().
runtimeOptions
An object which holds options that will be passed along to the template function in addition to the data, helpers, and partials options. See Runtime Options for a list of available options.
Properties
The public API properties are provided via ExpressHandlebars instances. In additional to the properties listed in the Configuration and Defaults section, the following are additional public properties:
engine
A function reference to the renderView() method which is bound to this ExpressHandlebars instance. This bound function should be used when registering this view engine with an Express app.
extname
The normalized extname which will always start with . and defaults to .handlebars.
compiled
An object cache which holds compiled Handlebars template functions in the format: {"path/to/template": [Function]}.
precompiled
An object cache which holds precompiled Handlebars template strings in the format: {"path/to/template": [String]}.
Methods
The following is the list of public API methods provided via ExpressHandlebars instances:
Note: All of the public methods return a Promise (with the exception of renderView() which is the interface with Express.)
getPartials([options])
Retrieves the partials in the partialsDir and returns a Promise for an object mapping the partials in the form {name: partial}.
By default each partial will be a compiled Handlebars template function. Use options.precompiled to receive the partials as precompiled templates — this is useful for sharing templates with client code.
Parameters:
-
[options]: Optional object containing any of the following properties:-
[cache]: Whether cached templates can be used if they have already been requested. This is recommended for production to avoid unnecessary file I/O. -
[encoding]: File encoding. -
[precompiled=false]: Whether precompiled templates should be provided, instead of compiled Handlebars template functions.
-
The name of each partial corresponds to its location in partialsDir. For example, consider the following directory structure:
views
└── partials
├── foo
│ └── bar.handlebars
└── title.handlebars
2 directories, 2 files
getPartials() would produce the following result:
import { create } from 'express-handlebars';
const hbs = create();
hbs.getPartials().then(function (partials) {
console.log(partials);
// => { 'foo/bar': [Function],
// => title: [Function] }
});
getTemplate(filePath, [options])
Retrieves the template at the specified filePath and returns a Promise for the compiled Handlebars template function.
Use options.precompiled to receive a precompiled Handlebars template.
Parameters:
-
filePath: String path to the Handlebars template file. -
[options]: Optional object containing any of the following properties:-
[cache]: Whether a cached template can be used if it have already been requested. This is recommended for production to avoid necessary file I/O. -
[encoding]: File encoding. -
[precompiled=false]: Whether a precompiled template should be provided, instead of a compiled Handlebars template function.
-
getTemplates(dirPath, [options])
Retrieves all the templates in the specified dirPath and returns a Promise for an object mapping the compiled templates in the form {filename: template}.
Use options.precompiled to receive precompiled Handlebars templates — this is useful for sharing templates with client code.
Parameters:
-
dirPath: String path to the directory containing Handlebars template files. -
[options]: Optional object containing any of the following properties:-
[cache]: Whether cached templates can be used if it have already been requested. This is recommended for production to avoid necessary file I/O. -
[encoding]: File encoding. -
[precompiled=false]: Whether precompiled templates should be provided, instead of a compiled Handlebars template function.
-
resetCache([filePathsOrFilter])
Reset template cache. The cache can be partially reset by providing a filter argument. If no argument is given the whole cache will be reset.
Parameters:
[filePathsOrFilter]: Optional filter to reset part of the cache. This can be a file path, an array of file paths, or a filter function based on file path.
render(filePath, context, [options])
Renders the template at the specified filePath with the context, using this instance's helpers and partials by default, and returns a Promise for the resulting string.
Parameters:
-
filePath: String path to the Handlebars template file. -
context: Object in which the template will be executed. This contains all of the values to fill into the template. -
[options]: Optional object which can contain any of the following properties which affect this view engine's behavior:-
[cache]: Whether a cached template can be used if it have already been requested. This is recommended for production to avoid unnecessary file I/O. -
[encoding]: File encoding. -
[data]: Optional object which can contain any data that Handlebars will pipe through the template, all helpers, and all partials. This is a side data channel. -
[helpers]: Render-level helpers that will be used instead of any instance-level helpers; these will be merged with (and will override) any global Handlebars helper functions. -
[partials]: Render-level partials that will be used instead of any instance-level partials. This is used internally as an optimization to avoid re-loading all the partials. -
[runtimeOptions]: Optional object which can contain options passed to the template function.
-
renderView(viewPath, options|callback, [callback])
Renders the template at the specified viewPath as the {{{body}}} within the layout specified by the defaultLayout or options.layout. Rendering will use this instance's helpers and partials, and passes the resulting string to the callback.
This method is called by Express and is the main entry point into this Express view engine implementation. It adds the concept of a "layout" and delegates rendering to the render() method.
The options will be used both as the context in which the Handlebars templates are rendered, and to signal this view engine on how it should behave, e.g., options.cache=false will always load the templates from disk.
Parameters:
-
viewPath: String path to the Handlebars template file which should serve as the{{{body}}}when using a layout. -
[options]: Optional object which will serve as the context in which the Handlebars templates are rendered. It may also contain any of the following properties which affect this view engine's behavior:-
[cache]: Whether cached templates can be used if they have already been requested. This is recommended for production to avoid unnecessary file I/O. -
[encoding]: File encoding. -
[data]: Optional object which can contain any data that Handlebars will pipe through the template, all helpers, and all partials. This is a side data channel. -
[helpers]: Render-level helpers that will be merged with (and will override) instance and global helper functions. -
[partials]: Render-level partials will be merged with (and will override) instance and global partials. This should be a{partialName: fn}hash or a Promise of an object with this shape. -
[layout]: Optional string path to the Handlebars template file to be used as the "layout". This overrides anydefaultLayoutvalue. Passing a falsy value will render with no layout (even if adefaultLayoutis defined). -
[runtimeOptions]: Optional object which can contain options passed to the template function.
-
-
callback: Function to call once the template is retrieved.
Hooks
The following is the list of protected methods that are called internally and serve as hooks to override functionality of ExpressHandlebars instances. A value or a promise can be returned from these methods which allows them to perform async operations.
_compileTemplate(template, options)
This hook will be called when a Handlebars template needs to be compiled. This function needs to return a compiled Handlebars template function, or a promise for one.
By default this hook calls Handlebars.compile(), but it can be overridden to preform operations before and/or after Handlebars compiles the template. This is useful if you wanted to first process Markdown within a Handlebars template.
Parameters:
-
template: String Handlebars template that needs to be compiled. -
options: ObjectcompilerOptionsthat were specified when theExpressHandlebarsinstance as created. This object should be passed along to theHandlebars.compile()function.
_precompileTemplate(template, options)
This hook will be called when a Handlebars template needs to be precompiled. This function needs to return a serialized Handlebars template spec. string, or a promise for one.
By default this hook calls Handlebars.precompile(), but it can be overridden to preform operations before and/or after Handlebars precompiles the template. This is useful if you wanted to first process Markdown within a Handlebars template.
Parameters:
-
template: String Handlebars template that needs to be precompiled. -
options: ObjectcompilerOptionsthat were specified when theExpressHandlebarsinstance as created. This object should be passed along to theHandlebars.compile()function.
_renderTemplate(template, context, options)
This hook will be called when a compiled Handlebars template needs to be rendered. This function needs to returned the rendered output string, or a promise for one.
By default this hook simply calls the passed-in template with the context and options arguments, but it can be overridden to perform operations before and/or after rendering the template.
Parameters:
-
template: Compiled Handlebars template function to call. -
context: The context object in which to render thetemplate. -
options: Object that contains options and metadata for rendering the template:-
data: Object to define custom@variableprivate variables. -
helpers: Object to provide custom helpers in addition to the globally defined helpers. -
partials: Object to provide custom partials in addition to the globally defined partials. -
...runtimeOptions: Other options specified by theruntimeOptionsvalue.
-
Examples
Basic Usage
This example shows the most basic way to use this view engine.
Advanced Usage
This example is more comprehensive and shows how to use many of the features of this view engine, including helpers, partials, multiple layouts, etc.
As noted in the Package Design section, this view engine's implementation is instance-based, and more advanced usages can take advantage of this. The Advanced Usage example demonstrates how to use an ExpressHandlebars instance to share templates with the client, among other features.
License
This software is free to use under the Yahoo! Inc. BSD license. See the LICENSE file for license text and copyright information.